Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences

Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) Vol. 31, No. 1 (June 2011), pp. 185-199 Unions and Management: A Case Study of Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Muhammad Shaukat Malik Assistant Professor of Management and Human Resources Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: [email  protected] edu. pk A. B. Basit Associate Professor of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Ahmad Kamal Qazi Assistant Manager-Marketing, PTCL, Multan Pakistan. E-mail: [email  protected] com Abstract Unions basically seek to advance the interest of their members.As a principal goal, unions exert a strong influence on individuals, organizations and upon the government to advance the economic and social positions of their constituents. Union play significant role by adopting positions on such public issues as unemployment, job security, opportunity for advancement, tariffs, health care, wages, social security etc. They try to influence the decisions of not only the administra tion of individual organization but also the state legislatures to improve labor laws on variety of issues for welfare of their employees.In addition, unions by performing their fraternal goals provide a sense of belonging for employees to give them a sense of identification and purpose. This paper first traces the historical development of unions with particular references to Pakistan, highlight their merit and demerit, current position in public and private organizations and challenge they are facing at present. Second it examines the role of unions in Pakistan's major institution like Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTCL).It is observed that over the time union is loosing their positions in the world as well as in Pakistan like in PTCL. After privatizations since 2006 the state of the affairs of unions at PTCL are very pathetic. Employees have lost all their hopes that the union will ever work for their well beings. Unions need to review themselves to be accepted by the e mployee and the leaders have to work beyond their personal interests. Unions need to demonstrate a larger social vision as well. Keywords: Unions; PTCL; Collective Bargaining Agent 186 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. Concept of union evolved in 18th century and within hundred years, unions in organization become so strong that they become the most critical variable to be managed by the organizational management. Unions represent the non managerial staff of an organization and work for their rights i-e salary rise, promotions, better working environment and employee safety etc. Sometimes the agenda of unions contradicts with the agenda of management due to which conflict generates and if this issue is not resolved in its early stage, it could result in strikes, shutdowns, police arrests etc.Numbers of international event are evident to this theory. This paper aims to explore union role in the organizations and how they performed in different regimes in different orga nizations of the world and in Pakistan like Pakistan Telecommunication Limited (PTCL). The paper is structured as follows: Following the introduction, section 2. 0 provides literature review about the union’s history, their merits and demerits, their role in public and private organization, their progress in the world and in Pakistan.Section 3 provides an overview of Pakistan Telecom Sector and PTCL. Section 4 provides the methodology used for the study. Section 5 discusses the results of the study in detail and section 6 presents the overall conclusions and our recommendations. I. Introduction II. Literature Review Farbar (2001) defined labor union as â€Å"It is an association of workers who bargain collectively with their employer regarding the terms and conditions of employment†. Akteruzzaman (2006) says that labor unions as â€Å"Labor unions re voluntary associations of workers to promote and protect their interest by collective endeavor and constitute an integr al part of the relationship between the employees and employers†. Whereas, Gomper (2009) has given more comprehensive definition in a way â€Å"that labor union is a group of workers who have organized in order to pursue common work-related goals, such as better wages and benefits, safer working conditions, and greater job security†.By concluding all definitions we can say that labor union is â€Å"Organization whose membership consists of workers and union leaders, and whose principal purposes are to negotiate wages and working condition terms, regulate relations between workers (its members) and the employer, take collective action to enforce the terms of collective bargaining, raise new demands on behalf of its members, and help settle their grievances†. The concept of combined effort by the workers to protect their rights was initiated in 18th century from Britain.According to Mohar (2007), union were initially started in great Britain in 1780 when workers un ited against the Combination Act implemented by the then Prime Minister William Pitt but they did not succeed and faced even more bitter laws like The Gagging Act (1817), Six Acts etc. Relief was started with the introduction of the Master and Servant Act (1867), the trade union act (1871), Conspiracy and property act of (1875), The Employer’s Liability Act (1880).However the unions got their real strength in 1913 after the implementation of Trade Union Act which gave the unions the right to have its subscriptions into a political and a social fund. The trend of unionism in Britain afterwards expanded to USA. Reynolds (2009) says that in Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 187 1860’s political philosophy began to shift toward collectivism and national trade unions gains a real foothold. According to Perlman (1922) point of view, in USA, trade unions really exploded during the nineteenth century with the founding of the first national union, the Nation al Labor Union (NLU).It was created in 1866 and was not exclusive to any particular kind of worker. Next, the Knights of Labor was founded in 1869. Their membership peaked around 700,000 members, with some of their key issues being child labor opposition and demands for an eight-hour day. The most famous American union was probably the American Federation of Labor (AFL), founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. Afterwards, according to Allen (2005) in contrast to the craft unionism of the AFL, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) founded in 1905. It used violence to promote the cause of unskilled workers.The IWW virtually disappeared after World War I. In 1930s, the strategy of industrial unionism was pushed by John L. Lewis' Committee for Industrial Organizations within the AFL. Founded in 1933, the committee split from the AFL in 1938 as the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The Second Red Scare after World War II pushed the AFL and CIO into a 1955 merger as the AFL-CIO u nder Lewis' leadership. In Indo-Pak, as reported by Bawa and Hashmi (2010), the concept of collective labor was introduced by Malik Gokhale which was given legal identity through the introduction of Trade Union Act 1926.At that time, two most strong unions working under the influence of National Congress and Socialist Party were Indian Trade Union Congress (INTUC) and Hindustan Mazdur Sabha (HMS). After the inception of Pakistan, the first trade union established in Pakistan was Pakistan Trade Union Federation (PTUF) having ties with INTUC and Mirza Ibrahim as its first President. Candland (2007) narrates the history of unions in Pakistan and say that up till 1952, no much developments were made in unions.In 1952, Pakistan Essential Services Act was promulgated which gave the government right to restrict any trade union and collective bargaining in any industry. First labor policy of government was announced on 15th August 1955, stating the workers to be the partners in industry, bu t no legislation was formulated in this regard. In 1958, General Ayub Khan imposed the martial law and abolished the first labor policy. On 4th February 1959, second labor policy namely Burki labor policy was announced which discouraged the labor unions and allowed the government to directly involves in the resolution of labor disputes.In 1969, labors started pressurizes the military government to get rights of forming trade unions with all powers, The government was ready to give the same rights but this policy could not overcome the unrest among the workers. This unrest among the workers was later cashed by Bhutto and he supported the union leaders. According to Shah (2010), Bhutto formulated the People Labor Federation for organizing the labor and through them he gained the powers which helped him lot to win election and become prime minister. After fall of 188 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1Bhutto government, in 1977 General Zia imposed the martial law and str ictly banned the union’s movement in Pakistan. This ban was partially lifted in the Junego government and later it was completely lifted by Benazir Bhutto in 1989 in her first tenure. Afterwards, more or less same policies were continued by Nawaz Sharif and Benazir in their respective regimes. General Musharraf right from beginning of his regime implemented several strict laws like Industrial Relations Ordinance 2002, Removal from Service (Special Powers) Ordinance, 2000 and other anti labor laws to limit activities of unions.In present Gilani's regime, some reliefs have been given to employees in pursuance of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto policies by announcing Workers Welfare Fund Ordinance, Employees Old-Age Benefit Act, amended Industrial Relations Ordinance with enhanced protection of worker, imposing condition on the authority of employer to terminate workers job etc. These polices are intact till date. Donas(2005) says that unions adopt two means to fulfill their goals. First an d foremost is through collective bargaining with the employer being as a representative of the employees.The second way they adopt is through efforts to influence government legislation. Union’s are working both in public and private sector organizations to protect the rights of employees. According to Edward (1989), currently unions are very strong in public sector. They have greater membership from the public sector organization. Blacnchflower and Bryson (2007) compared the union influence on wage in public and private sector and found that the unions working in public sector are able to get increase in the wage premium for the public sector employees substantially.They are of the view that although union membership in the both public and private sectors has declined, but unions are still more powerful in public sector. In order to avoid the decline in the membership of the unions, now unions are trying different strategies. Hamilton and Anderson (1999) stated that recent t rend among unions is amalgamation. Unions are getting united in order to preserve the membership. According to Fernie and Metcalf (2005), with around 12% of privately employed workers as members, the future for private sector unionization looks black.According to Pantuosco (2008), private sector unionization has lost nearly 4 million members, while public sector unions have sustained the growth they accumulated in the late 1980s and 1990s. Figure 1 Public and Private Union Density 1983-2005 Source: Pantuosco (2008) PP 35 Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 189 Edward (2010) tried to explain the reasons of decline of unions in private sector by stating that public agencies tend to be static in a way that once a union has organized a group of workers they tend to stay organized.By contrast, the private sector is dynamic, with businesses going bankrupt and new businesses arising all the time. Also many public sector organizations are enjoying the status of monopoly an d unions in public sector push for higher pay and higher government spending with little restraint. They do not care if the cost of government services goes up because the burden is borne by someone else. By contrast, private-sector unions are aware that higher costs for employers may result in lost sales and fewer union jobs.Figure 2 Union Member Shares of Employment Source: Edward C. (2010) PP 1 Unions help the employees in lot many ways. Belman and Voos (1993) are of the view that unions typically help employees in raising the wages of the employees they represent. They also help in reducing income inequality within the represented firm, by reducing differentials between low-paid and high-paid diversified work force. Another important benefit of union mentioned by Ghosh et al. (2009) is that it helps to improve job security, working environment and living conditions.According to Morris (2002), trade union act as the protecting sheets against the threats posed by the globalization on the employees. Since globalization require maximum utilization of the employees to compete in the market and in this case only unions will be protecting employees by negotiating the working hours and work load on the employees. Ghosh et al. (2009) says that unions are engaged in a number of welfare activities, such as providing housing and organizing cooperative societies to improve the quality of workers' lives.In short unions restrict management freedom of action, pressurize them for uniformity of treatment, improve personnel policies and provide one plate forum to the employees to deal with management. Unions have some demerits too. According to Sherk (2009), trades unions can cause wages to go above equilibrium through the threat of strikes etc. and trade unions only consider the needs of its members. They often ignore the plight of those excluded from the labor markets, e. g. the unemployed.Also if unions go on strike and work unproductively, it can lead to lost sales and o utput. Another major disadvantage of union is paying the union dues. Most collective 190 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 bargaining agreements require all employees to support the union financially as a condition of their continued employment. Another important demerit identified by Levine (2001) is that unions generally interfere with efficiency, because they protect unproductive workers, raise costs, distort incentives, and frustrate entrepreneurship.Hunter (1999) is of the view that unionized workers lost their individuality. When a union is certified as the exclusive employee representative in a workplace, employees become members of an overall bargaining unit in which the majority rules. Spear (2003) says that the existence of a union in an industry can result in limited choices regarding hiring new employees or even limiting the potential for dismissal of a poorly performing worker. Though internationally union's role can be seen differently in different cou ntries but its main objectives remains the same i. the welfare of employees working in different organizations. Countries like China even are bowed to allow unions at the work place and unions role/importance is increasing there day by day (Metcalf and Li (2006); Prit, 2007, Ghosh et. al (2009). The effectiveness of union’s role in Pakistan, according to Irfan (2008), has declined over the period. Unions have lost their membership because they failed to protect the rights of the working class.In Pakistan, unions mostly exist in all public sector organizations like Postal Services, WAPDA, Railways, PTCL and other government institutions and are thought to be the major reason of inefficiencies of Pakistan public sector. In private sector though union are found in many organizations but their activities are to some extent limited. A summary of union’s status in Pakistan between 1990 to 2006 is given in Table 1. Table 1 Years Trade Unions membership and Industrial Dispute Total Registered Trader Unions 7080 7027 7185 7273 7426 7349 7355 7356 7382 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Union Membership Total No. f Membership Registered of the Trade Unions reporting Reporting Unions 1763 359633 1441 288803 1834 415768 1685 374731 1718 325677 1718 337617 1594 293530 1534 296257 1478 305340 1493 301104 1356 301332 1260 275646 1201 247539 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Industrial Disputes Number Numbers Number of of of Workers Mandays Disputes Involved Lost 99 65918 186726 94 116306 582694 40 73357 398128 28 17133 404564 25 15434 341196 24 10919 63626 30 18566 203323 30 7865 283342 20 6097 122519 6 3937 182151 4 225 667 4 711 7078 4 516 12160 1 407 0 19 1164 1020 NA NA NA NA NA NA 990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: Irfan. M. (2008), Pakistan’s wage structure, PP. 27 Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 191 Decline in the popularity of unions in Pakistan is also witnessed by Rehman (2003). He says tha t in Pakistan, membership in unions is low due to the fear of victimization by employers and the inability to recognize any personal advantage from the unions. The leadership is not effective due to personal rivalries and lack of required skills.Also union movements in Pakistan do not have the due social and political support since the political market has been generally dominated by powerful industrialization elite. Ebbinghaus (2002) is of the view that trade union movements are confronting multiple challenges. The challenges faced by the unions in Pakistan are also very critical. Cunniah (2007), is of the view that neo-liberalism is the biggest challenge for trade unions in Pakistan and is alive even after the establishment of new democratic government.The employers have another weapon at their disposal, the displacement of workers by machinery. Ali (1994) observed that one of the laws that hinders trade union activity is the Essential Services Maintenance Act of 1952 (ESA) (which covers government services and state enterprises, such as energy production, power generation and transmission, the state-owned airline, and ports) and is usually invoked to limit or ban strikes, and is also used to severely curtail collective bargaining rights.Another challenge raised by Somavia (2008) is that Pakistani law is particularly hard on agricultural workers who are denied the right to form unions and are thus prevented from striking, bargaining collectively, or making any demands on their employers. Pakistan trade union membership is very weak at this time. Only 0. 6% of the total workers are organized in the trade unions. About 7392 trade unions are registered in Pakistan which are representing the 2,55,405 members throughout Pakistan.Table 2 Total number of the work force Total numbers of the work force is as follow: Sector Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting & Fishing Mining, Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, Water Construction Whole sale & Retailed Trade, Restaur ant & Hotels Transport, Storage & Communication Financing, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Sector Community, Social & Personal Services TOTAL Source: http://www. pakistan. gov. pk/divisions/bstat. pdf Million 18. 35 0. 03 4. 35 0. 26 2. 19 5. 12 1. 91 0. 31 5. 38 37. 9 Percent 48. 42 0. 07 11. 48 0. 7 5. 78 13. 5 5. 03 0. 82 14. 2 100 III. Telecomm Sector of Pakistan and PTCLPakistan has well established telecom sector at present. In 1947, at the time of inception, Pakistan has just 7000 telephone lines. Over the time, under different regimes lots of developments have been taken place to bring this sector at par with world. Under the sectors reforms different companies are allowed to 192 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 work in Pakistan and new services like ISDN, DSL, CDML, GPRS etc. are offered by PTCL and other mobile companies working in Pakistan. PTA (Pakistan Telecom Authority) since 1994 holds the responsibility to regulate the telecom sector in Pakistan.P TCL has been privatized by selling its 1. 3 billions shares with management rights to U. A. E based company Etisilat since 12th April, 2006. According to Akhtar (2009), Pakistan’s Telecom sector has been gearing up to secure its place in fast developing era of new technologies. The government has been able to foster competition by declaring the telecommunication sector as an industry since 2005. The drive towards competition widened the scope for private and foreign ownership further through the deregulation policy announced in July 2003.From the beginnings of Posts & Telegraph Department in 1947 and establishment of Pakistan Telephone & Telegraph Department in 1962, Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) took over operations and functions from Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department under Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991. Pursuing a progressive policy, the Government in 1991, announced its plans to privatize PTCL, and in 1994 issued six million vouch ers exchangeable into 600 million shares. Each had a par value of Rs. 10 per share. These vouchers were converted into PTCL shares in mid1996.In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. The provisions of the Ordinance were lent permanence in October 1996 through Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act. In the same year, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all stock exchanges of Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan sold 26% shares and control of the company to Etisalat in 2006. The Government of Pakistan retained 62% of the shares while the remaining 12% are held by the general ublic. Since privatization, PTCL profit is declined. Following are the financial highlights of PTCL since its privatization. Table 5 Financial Highlights of PTCL since it Privatization Unit Rs. (m) Rs. (m) Rs. (m) Rs. (m) 2010 57,175 14,281 9294 150768 2009 59,239 14021 9151 154048 2008 66,336 -4463 -2825 140104 2007 71,068 23744 15639 152821 2006 79,411 30974 20777 152240 2005 87,356 39296 26606 136078 Description Revenue Profit/Loss Before Tax Profit/Loss After Tax Total Assets Source: Annual reports of PTCL Currently PTCL has 19 registered unions..The union which is acting as CBA is â€Å"Pakistan Telecommunication employee union† whereas all other unions are non CBA unions. At the time of privatization about 57000 employees were serving PTCL. But after privatization, new management laid off 30,000 employees by giving Voluntarily Separation Scheme VSS. At present Multan Telecomm Region (MTR) covers area from Mian Channu to DG Khan and Rahim Yaar Khan. It is divided into two wings. One wing is of Regional General Manager wing which has 982 employees. Other wing is of GM Technical Multan which has 335 employees.Other than these wings another small wing is of SM Consumer Sales Multan which has 45 employees. So at present total numbers of employees work ing in all wings in Multan region are about 1362. PTCL is taken as case study because it could provide the glimpse of previously public sector organization and now as private sector organization. Unions are working in PTCL since long and had been very strong in past. They have also played crucial role at the time of privatization as well. 194 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 IV. MethodologyA survey through questionnaires method was used to capture the primary data for this study. The research is done at Multan Region of PTCL. A sample size of 300 employees from different departments of PTCL of all its three wings has been selected by using the random sampling technique. The questionnaire was distributed to each participant in person. Firstly few open ended questions were included to enable participants to express their general opinions regarding PTCL management and union relations and then all close ended questions (Table 5) were asked to have specific answers. The response rate to the questions was 90%.The opinions of the participants are measured by obtaining the respondents extent of agreement with the questions. The extent of agreement was measured through Likert scale ranging from 5= strongly agreed to 1= strongly disagreed. The researchers have tried to find out the facts relating to following research questions. i. ii. iii. What role union played in Telecom Industry over the time (especially in PTCL)? What role union played in PTCL at the time of privatization of PTCL and then after? What is the current role of union in PTCL The questions wise results of the study are described below.Table 5 Summary of response to survey questions. No 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 Statement Are you satisfied with the role of unions before privatization? Do you think that CBA at the time of Privatization has performed his role effectively? Are you satisfied with the role of union currently? Are you satisfied with the role of union to stop layoff of employees after pr ivatization? Does your union take effective actions against the rehiring of voluntarily separated employees? Do you think that the rehiring of voluntarily separated employees was in the best interest of PTCL?Do you think that the pre privatization PTCL was good as compared to Post Privatization PTCL? Do you think that union’s role for Agree% 80 52 75 32 20 30 68% 74% Neither% 10 10 5 16 10 0 5 6 Disagree 10 38% 52% 52% 70% 70% 27% 20% V. Results and Discussions Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 195 10 employee’s job security was better before privatization of PTCL? Are you satisfied with the union’s role towards current working environment of PTCL? 26 10 64% It is evident from the above results that union role in PTCL is diminishing over the time.It played very effective role for welfare and betterment of employees in the past but currently the state of affairs is not very good. Majority of the employees are dissatisfied with their performanc e. At the time of privatization, the role of CBA and UAC (Union Action Committee was very midtrial. They were firstly against privatization and have been fighting for three months and then suddenly one day they accepted privatization deal on term and conditions of the government. Employees feel that monopolistic status of PTCL was in the best interest of customers.Employees are also not so happy with rehiring of employee previously laid off under voluntarily retirement schemes, as they feel that these rehired contractual employees are enjoying dual benefits i-e benefits of retirement and new contracts. They are of the opinion that new hiring if so necessary should be done from youngsters having new skills to manage latest equipment installed in PTCL. Employees also feel that union is not doing any thing for their job security. Job stress created through increased work load is another major problem employees are facing currently.Now lower level employees give more preference to the m anagement for the resolution of their issues instead of unions. Employees have lost their fate that unions would do something for their betterment. Now employees are avoiding joining unions and believe on direct relationship with its management. There was a time when union in PTCL was thought to be the true representative of employees and only way for their growth. But on the critical occasion of privatization of PTCL, VSS and rehiring of VSS opted employees, the betraying role of union and CBA has dissatisfied them lot.The Union has now lost trust of employees. The management is becoming strong day by day through different measures. Some of the union’s representatives either are suspended or transferred, waiting for posting etc. But the union leaders are not paying any attention to their problems. That’s why employee’s commitment with the union has also been reduced. The management has successfully neutralized the power of union by reducing the strength of empl oyees. By lying off about 30,000 employees, management successfully took away the real strength of unions.Now they are trying different tactics in order to create hindrances in the activities of union. These tactics involve dismissing the employees participating in union activities, proper check and balance on the attendance of employees and indulging every employee with high work load. Another recent step taken by management to weaken the unions is giving the non-management employees, the cadre of management. in BPS-17. This conversion of cadre has made almost 3000 196 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 employees unable to talk part in union’s activities.Therefore, a tug of war is going on between the typical government culture already prevailing in PTCL and a corporate culture which the new management is trying to enforce in PTCL. VI. Conclusion & Recommendations Unions in any organization work for the benefits of the employees. The most important roles whic h unions are meant to play are to reduce income inequality, improve working conditions for employees, protecting the rights of the working class, ensure homogenous income to the workers by providing them employment opportunities etc.But over the period of time, unions failed to perform their roles effectively, therefore, they are facing decline in their popularity and membership. Internationally, the trend of unions in organization is diminishing. PTCL is taken as case study because it could provide the glimpse of previously public sector organization and now working as private sector organization. Unions is working in PTCL since long and had played crucial role in its privatization It could provide the perfect information about the unions involvement and recent trends in public and private organization. Now management has upheld the lower level of mployees from the union activities by giving them status of more significance within the organization. Internationally and in Pakistan t oo, unions are very strong in public sector organizations as compared to private sector companies. In Pakistan Telecom Sector, unions exist only in PTCL. In PTCL, union remained very powerful before privatization. But after privatization since 2006, the new management has cut down union power by implementing different polices. The present management has been able to divert unions away from interest of employees by facilitating the top level leaders for their own interests.This thing has sabotaged the image of unions among employees. The employees feel more confident now with the commitment of the management rather than union. Majority of employees of PTCL now feel that leaders are not sincere with them. Employees think that during privatization union did not play its effective role as was expected. They blame that only top leaders of unions have ripe the fruits of employees' efforts but no demand of employees is fulfilled in true sense during privatization process. So these things h ave created mistrust between employees and union.That mistrust was truly endorsed when union call strike for pay rise in 2009 and majority of employees did not participate. Similarly, in 2010 referendum, 30% of the total employees have not participated at all. The management through different tactics is making unions ineffective. Management is not taking direct steps to reduce union’s strength but with indirect measures and back channel diplomacy, they are meeting its ultimate objective to wipe away unions from PTCL. The way union is working on other side, it is not seen too far. Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 197Conclusively saying, union image as the protector of working class has been affected when union leaders use the plate form of union to get the advantage for themselves. Union has made themselves worth less in PTCL due to their own acts. They may not be able to get any support from employees in future. They must have to change the current strate gies and the top leaders have to work beyond their personal interests to regain the powers. They will have to work for the welfare of the employees as past. Otherwise, unions will be simply wiped off from PTCL like it happened in some other organizations hich have been privatized like PTCL. References Akhtar, M. H. (2009). The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors and Policy Issues on Telecom Sector Performance in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. 29(2), 163-174. Akteruzzaman, M. (2006). Globalization: issues and Challenges for Trader Union Movement. The Social Sciences, 1(I), 29-34. 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International Labor Office, 4, 1-42. Donas, B. (2006). Why Professional Unions Make Good Conflict Management Partners. Workplace Fairness Journal. Ebbinghaus, B. (2002). Trade unions’ changing role. EU Paper Series, 2-32. Edward, C. (2010). Public-Sector Unions. Tax ; Budget bulletin no 61. 198 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 Farbar , H. S. (2001). Notes on the Economics of Labor Unions. Princetion University Industrial Relations Section Working Paper # 452, 1-24.Fernie, S, Metcalf, D. (2005). Trade unions: resurgence or demise?. Centre Piece Summer Edition. Goerke, L. , Pannenberg, M. (2010). Trade Union Membership and Dismissals. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Discussion Paper No. 5222, 17-19. Gompers, S. (2009). Where trade unions are most firmly organized, there are the rights of people most respected. South-Western/Cengage Learning, A 1-11. Ghosh, P. , Nandan, S. and Gupta, A. (2009). The Changing Role of Trade Union in India, A Case Study of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTCP), Unchahar. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 14(1), 3757.Govt defends privatization of PTCL amid protests, Press Article, Daily Times 14, 2005. Retrieved from http://www. dawn. com/2005/06/14/top7. htm. Hunter, R. P. (1999). Disadvantage of Union Representation. Hamilton, M. and Anderson, L. D. (1999). labor un ions and class actions: The union perspective on Collective litigation. American Bar Association Section of Labor and Employment Law. Irfan, M. (2008). Pakistan’s Wage Structure. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 1-47. Levine, P. (2001). The Legitimacy of Labor. Hofstra Labor ; employment Law Journal, 18, 527. Metcalf, L. (2006).Trade unions in China. Centre Piece Summer Magazine. Mohar, J. G. (2007). Trade unions and the law-history and a way forward?. Morris, R. L. (2002). Trade Unions and Globalization. International Labor Organization, 1-29. Pantuosco, L. J. 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Cyber Bullying

ABC News reported on a survey prepared by I-SAFE. ORG. This of 1,500 students between grades 4-8 reported: 42% OR 630 of kids have been bullied while online. One in four have had it happen more than once. 35% OR 525 of kids have been threatened online. Nearly one in five had had it happen more than once. 1% OR 315 of kids have received mean or threatening e-mails or other messages. 58% OR 870 of kids admit someone has said mean or hurtful things to them online. More than four out of ten say it has happened more than once. 58% OR 870 have not told their parents or an adult about something mean or hurtful that happened to them online. THAT WAS SOME INFORMATION ON CYBER-BULLYING WITH CHILDREN, LETS REVIEW HOW CYBER-BULLYING AFFECTS ADULTS AND THE WORKPLACE. ALTHOUGH IT IS MORE COMMON, CYBER BULLYING IS NOT LIMITED TO CHILDREN.ADULT TO ADULT CYBER-BULLYING, IS IDENTIFIED BY THE SAME BEHAVIORS AS CHILDREN BUT IS REFERRED TO AS CYBER-HARASSMENT, OR CYBER STALKING BECAUSE OR THE AGE DIFFERE NCE. WITH ADULTS THE INTENT IS TO THREATEN THE VICTIMS EARNING, EMPLOYMENT, REPUTATION, OR SAFETY, AND USUALLY TAKES PLACE IN THE WORKPLACE ACCORDING TO THE DIGNITY AND WORK PARTNERSHIP GROUP. A survey of 1,072 workers by the Dignity and Work Partnership found that one in five had been bullied at work by e-mail AND believes cyber-bullying is a problem in their workplace.Cyberstalkers use posts, forums, journals and other online means to present a victim in a false and unflattering light. Various companies provide cases of cyber-stalking (involving adults) follow the pattern of repeated actions against a target. While motives vary, whether romantic, a business conflict of interest, or personal dislike, the target is commonly someone whose life the stalker sees or senses elements lacking in his or her own life. NOW LET ME TELL YOU SOME OF THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF CYBER BULLYING. Research had demonstrated a number of serious consequences of cyber-bullying victimization. 4][6][7][8] For e xample, victims have lower self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and a variety of emotional responses, cyber-bullying back, being scared, frustrated, angry, and depressed. [6]One of the most damaging effects is that a victim begins to avoid friends and activities, often the very intention of the cyber-bully. Cyber-bullying campaigns are sometimes so damaging that victims have committed suicide. There are at least four examples in the United States where cyber-bullying has been linked to the suicide of a teenager. 6] The suicide of Megan Meier is a recent example that led to the conviction of the adult perpetrator of the attacks. Intimidation, emotional damage, suicide The reluctance youth have in telling an authority figure about instances of cyber-bullying has led to fatal outcomes. At least three children between the ages of 12 and 13 have committed suicide due to depression brought on by cyber-bullying, according to reports by USA Today and the Baltimore Examiner. Never be bu llied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one's definition of your life, but define yourself. † Cyber Bullying Is Cyber-bullying really a problem? Bullying has been around forever but cyber bullying is different because it lets a bully remain anonymous. It is easier to bully in cyberspace than it is to bully face to face. With cyber bullying a bully can pick on people with much less risk of being caught. Bullies are natural instigators and in cyberspace bullies can enlist the participation of other students who may be unwilling to bully in the real world. Cyber bullying is any harassment that occurs in the Internet.Vicious forum posts, name calling in chat rooms, posting fake profiles on web sites, and mean or cruel email messages are all ways of cyber bullying. â€Å"Around 10 percent of all adolescents in grades 7-9 are victims of internet bullying. ‘This type of bullying can be more serious than conventional bullying. At least with conventional bullying the victim is left alone on evenings and weekends. † Many people may think that cyber-bullying isn’t a problem in life , well think again it can change a victim’s life forever by just one offensive comment about them.I will make the victim want to commit suicide, drop out of school, and suffer from self-esteem issues like depression and anxiety. We must fight for what is right, sooner the better. What cyber-bullies would do in order for them to trace their victims or look for victims is most likely where they would have easy access and that would be through the internet and through cell phones. For cell phones they are able to contact with others by texting or calling but for the internet it would have websites where most kids would join now a days such as, facebook, myspace, twitter, blogspots, and e-mail.I would say that the internet is one of the best places for cyber-bullying than through cell phones because when communicating through the internet they are able to not only associate with only their victims but with other people in the world so not only that one person that they’re bullying are seeing it many people around the world are able to see it also, which in that case would make the victims situations even worse. Above all, no matter what techniques that bullies use it is a way for them to harm others. Online bullying, called cyberbullying, happens when teens use the Internet, cell phones, or other devices to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person. † The internet is appealing to many bullies because it makes it easier for them to be cruel and vicious to their victims when there isn’t any personal contact with them and its difficult to trace the activities that they’re doing. â€Å"Victims of internet bullying — or cyberbullying — have no refuge.Victims may be harassed continuously via SMS and websites, and the information spreads very quickly and may be difficult to remove. In addition, it is often difficult to identify the perpetrator. † Hurting others is a way to call it their comfort zone because makes them feel better about themselves and when they do encounter with problems of their own the only way to makes them feel more respected or get them back on their feet is by causing trouble through the technologies because not many of their victims are able to stand up for themselves so bullies feel more superior.For them to harm others is mostly to gain friends that they always wanted to hangout with, since peer pressure has been an issue for many students bullying others is way for them to gain more respect from others especially from their victims. What cyber-bullies didn’t realize is that it can cause a whole lot of problems for their victim that it created a great nightmare not to only to the victim but even to the victims loved ones because it makes a great destruction to ones life. Cyber bullying In these days, internet has become a vital part of our life – both in working or killing time. We may even regard this invisible site as an epitome of our society in reality. Therefore, every phenomenon that takes place in the internet somehow is a projection from out real life. While, bullying, is transformed to a phenomenon in the internet that called cyber-bullying. Why is this happened? The reason's simple – people's being more and more catty. It's because, cyber bullying hurts more deeply, and these evil wounds may keep bleeding for ever†¦ Bullying in the reality mainly hurt victims physically, while it could also hurt one's self-esteem -For example, verbal insulting†¦etc. But still, victims could have chance to escape from those beliers, and it would be more easier for adults to trace for evidence hence preventing this happen again. But cyber bullying is a touchy issue to deal with. First, cyber bully are usually sly – they could delete the evidence once the victim strike by just pressing a button on the keyboard. Then, the bully would not need to be punished because the evidence disappeared suddenly. Then the victim will certainly be kept on insulted by the bully. Where you may say you could avoid having contact with the internet, but can you? As I said, nowadays, the internet had become a vital part in our daily life, can you avoid accessing to it? And once you get to the internet, could you control your curiosity? Even you can, how about your MSN, inbox, Facebook or Myspace ? Those nasty messages can't be edited by you and, they will just be right there forever if you don't take any action. It would be read by any one including yourself. And this will turnout to become a kind of bullying in the reality. People will laught at you because of the message about you in the internet. It's only a vicious cycle. Everything will turn sour and blue if you just keep on being a silent victim. And eventually, you will terminate your life to relief your suffrage, pressure, pain, anger†¦etc. While the bully may just laughing at your death, while, who love you will burst into tears for your death. Death is absolutely not a solution for a problem! The best way to deal with bullying or cyber bullying is to stand out and face the problem positively. You may keep the evidence but not just ignoring them. Talk this issue with your parents and teachers, they will give you wise advices. If the situation's really worst, you may also seek help from the police force too. Our society won't accept the existence of any kind of bullying. Everyone would try their best to help you – you are not alone! But remember, never revenage. If you did this, you will just become another bully. Remember, anger is a poison – it eats you inside. Without your support, bullying still exist as we may have a devil mind. Let's to create a harmony society in the future together. Cyber Bullying Cyber bullying has become a result of teens committing suicide. Last fall Audrie Pott was allegedly ganged raped by three boys after she had fallen asleep do to the consumption of alcohol the three boys later, tormenting her with pictures of her engaging in a sexual form with one of these boys. Pictures were shared around school as well as texting the images and posting them online. After being tormented for two years she started developing suicidal thoughts which later led to her death. In ohio two star football players were convicted of raping a drunk 16 year old girl. They gained media through lurid text messages, cell phone pictures and videos, and social media post surrounding the sexual abuse of the girl. One of the convicted felons was found guilty disseminating a nude photo of a minor. Once something has been posted on the internet it can never be erased. Imagine these young girls that don’t remember anything that happened the night before then waking up discovering they have been sexually abused. Yea, this can be a traumatizing event leaving scars and wounds that can never be healed. Some can leave these events in the past while others would just take their lives away like Audrie Pott. How can cyber bullying be prevented? Simply having more talks with young kids regarding bullying as well as bringing guest speakers to inspire kids not to bully. Also enforcing the law on young teenagers just because they’re young that doesn’t mean they cannot take care of the mess they have created. Allard the attorney for the pott family, said his clients are pushing the â€Å"Audrie’s Law,† which would stiffen penalties for cyber bullying and strengthen laws on sexual assaults by trying adolescents as adults. Cyber Bullying vCyber bullying has become a huge problem in today’s society. There was once a day where cell phones or social networking did not exist and any problem you had with anyone was handled face to face and not behind a computer screen. If you told this to kids today they would probably be surprised. We’ve all been a victim of minor cyber bullying or bullying in general and although I haven’t experienced cyber bullying to its full potential, I’ve sat on the sidelines and watched how cruel my peers can be. About two weeks ago a fight broke out on Instagram between and friend of mine and her ex-boyfriends best friend.The breakup was bitter and his friends were trying to protect him and fight his battles. The ex-boyfriends friend commented on my friends Instagram picture and called the boys in it â€Å"doofy† not too harsh, but they came back at him ten times worse. I’ve witnessed a lot of people get bullied throughout high school and I myself have ha d some pretty cruel things said to me and I’ve said some things to people that I shouldn’t have said, but what these kids were saying to this boy was worse than any type of bullying I’ve ever witnessed.They told him that the world would be a better place without him and that he should just go hang himself. They told him to go hang out with Amanda Todd, a young teen who recently within the past few months made the news for committing suicide. They told him to that he should go kill himself to rid one more retard of the world and make the world better. Lastly, they told him to go drink bleach. I don’t even know the boys name that they bullied, yet I felt so sorry for him and felt that I had to stick up for him.Fortunately the boy did not take the advice of the cruel teenagers and he fought back until the Instagram feud was over. The problem doesn’t only exist in situations that I explained about but in many more ways where maybe the person that was b eing bullied did nothing wrong to deserve the treatment that they got. Not everyone is cyberbullied because of something they did wrong or because of a fight that they instigated. Some cases of cyber bullying had the cause of just plain jealousy. Approximately seventy-five percent of teenagers today have and are using cell phones.And the ones with cell phones send around three thousand text messages a month. With these cell phones do their parents really know what they are doing? Are they suffering from immense amounts of bullying? Or are they on the other side? The problem is that no one really knows and by the time a teenager takes their own life or starts to self harm, it’s too late because the parents had no clue. Thirty percent of children who are online whether it be Facebook or Twitter has admitted to being harassed.In the past few years, cyber bullying has gotten much more serious because not only are kids calling each other names, they’re starting to blackmail . If a young girl sends a nude picture through text message to a boy, and that picture gets in the hands of one of his friends or even another girl, the girl that sent the picture has the risk of having her picture sent around the school or even uploaded to social networking sites. Some might wonder how does a parent stop their children from sending or receiving these harsh texts.It is recommended that the parent sets a time period where the child can and cannot send or receive text messages. There is also an app that can stop sexts, and cyber bullying texts from send to a cell phone. Add your child on Facebook, follow them on Twitter. They may not like it at first but if you can prevent them from being bullied or from facing charges from cyber bullying, they will thank you in the long run. â€Å"Keep kids safe from cyberbullies – CNN. †Ã‚  Featured Articles from CNN. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6  Feb. 2013. â€Å"Keep kids safe from cyberbullies – Page 2 – CN N. †Ã‚  Featured Articles from CNN. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6  Feb. 2013. Cyber Bullying Cyber bullying has become a result of teens committing suicide. Last fall Audrie Pott was allegedly ganged raped by three boys after she had fallen asleep do to the consumption of alcohol the three boys later, tormenting her with pictures of her engaging in a sexual form with one of these boys. Pictures were shared around school as well as texting the images and posting them online. After being tormented for two years she started developing suicidal thoughts which later led to her death. In ohio two star football players were convicted of raping a drunk 16 year old girl. They gained media through lurid text messages, cell phone pictures and videos, and social media post surrounding the sexual abuse of the girl. One of the convicted felons was found guilty disseminating a nude photo of a minor. Once something has been posted on the internet it can never be erased. Imagine these young girls that don’t remember anything that happened the night before then waking up discovering they have been sexually abused. Yea, this can be a traumatizing event leaving scars and wounds that can never be healed. Some can leave these events in the past while others would just take their lives away like Audrie Pott. How can cyber bullying be prevented? Simply having more talks with young kids regarding bullying as well as bringing guest speakers to inspire kids not to bully. Also enforcing the law on young teenagers just because they’re young that doesn’t mean they cannot take care of the mess they have created. Allard the attorney for the pott family, said his clients are pushing the â€Å"Audrie’s Law,† which would stiffen penalties for cyber bullying and strengthen laws on sexual assaults by trying adolescents as adults. Cyber bullying In these days, internet has become a vital part of our life – both in working or killing time. We may even regard this invisible site as an epitome of our society in reality. Therefore, every phenomenon that takes place in the internet somehow is a projection from out real life. While, bullying, is transformed to a phenomenon in the internet that called cyber-bullying. Why is this happened? The reason's simple – people's being more and more catty. It's because, cyber bullying hurts more deeply, and these evil wounds may keep bleeding for ever†¦ Bullying in the reality mainly hurt victims physically, while it could also hurt one's self-esteem -For example, verbal insulting†¦etc. But still, victims could have chance to escape from those beliers, and it would be more easier for adults to trace for evidence hence preventing this happen again. But cyber bullying is a touchy issue to deal with. First, cyber bully are usually sly – they could delete the evidence once the victim strike by just pressing a button on the keyboard. Then, the bully would not need to be punished because the evidence disappeared suddenly. Then the victim will certainly be kept on insulted by the bully. Where you may say you could avoid having contact with the internet, but can you? As I said, nowadays, the internet had become a vital part in our daily life, can you avoid accessing to it? And once you get to the internet, could you control your curiosity? Even you can, how about your MSN, inbox, Facebook or Myspace ? Those nasty messages can't be edited by you and, they will just be right there forever if you don't take any action. It would be read by any one including yourself. And this will turnout to become a kind of bullying in the reality. People will laught at you because of the message about you in the internet. It's only a vicious cycle. Everything will turn sour and blue if you just keep on being a silent victim. And eventually, you will terminate your life to relief your suffrage, pressure, pain, anger†¦etc. While the bully may just laughing at your death, while, who love you will burst into tears for your death. Death is absolutely not a solution for a problem! The best way to deal with bullying or cyber bullying is to stand out and face the problem positively. You may keep the evidence but not just ignoring them. Talk this issue with your parents and teachers, they will give you wise advices. If the situation's really worst, you may also seek help from the police force too. Our society won't accept the existence of any kind of bullying. Everyone would try their best to help you – you are not alone! But remember, never revenage. If you did this, you will just become another bully. Remember, anger is a poison – it eats you inside. Without your support, bullying still exist as we may have a devil mind. Let's to create a harmony society in the future together. Cyber Bullying vCyber bullying has become a huge problem in today’s society. There was once a day where cell phones or social networking did not exist and any problem you had with anyone was handled face to face and not behind a computer screen. If you told this to kids today they would probably be surprised. We’ve all been a victim of minor cyber bullying or bullying in general and although I haven’t experienced cyber bullying to its full potential, I’ve sat on the sidelines and watched how cruel my peers can be. About two weeks ago a fight broke out on Instagram between and friend of mine and her ex-boyfriends best friend.The breakup was bitter and his friends were trying to protect him and fight his battles. The ex-boyfriends friend commented on my friends Instagram picture and called the boys in it â€Å"doofy† not too harsh, but they came back at him ten times worse. I’ve witnessed a lot of people get bullied throughout high school and I myself have ha d some pretty cruel things said to me and I’ve said some things to people that I shouldn’t have said, but what these kids were saying to this boy was worse than any type of bullying I’ve ever witnessed.They told him that the world would be a better place without him and that he should just go hang himself. They told him to go hang out with Amanda Todd, a young teen who recently within the past few months made the news for committing suicide. They told him to that he should go kill himself to rid one more retard of the world and make the world better. Lastly, they told him to go drink bleach. I don’t even know the boys name that they bullied, yet I felt so sorry for him and felt that I had to stick up for him.Fortunately the boy did not take the advice of the cruel teenagers and he fought back until the Instagram feud was over. The problem doesn’t only exist in situations that I explained about but in many more ways where maybe the person that was b eing bullied did nothing wrong to deserve the treatment that they got. Not everyone is cyberbullied because of something they did wrong or because of a fight that they instigated. Some cases of cyber bullying had the cause of just plain jealousy. Approximately seventy-five percent of teenagers today have and are using cell phones.And the ones with cell phones send around three thousand text messages a month. With these cell phones do their parents really know what they are doing? Are they suffering from immense amounts of bullying? Or are they on the other side? The problem is that no one really knows and by the time a teenager takes their own life or starts to self harm, it’s too late because the parents had no clue. Thirty percent of children who are online whether it be Facebook or Twitter has admitted to being harassed.In the past few years, cyber bullying has gotten much more serious because not only are kids calling each other names, they’re starting to blackmail . If a young girl sends a nude picture through text message to a boy, and that picture gets in the hands of one of his friends or even another girl, the girl that sent the picture has the risk of having her picture sent around the school or even uploaded to social networking sites. Some might wonder how does a parent stop their children from sending or receiving these harsh texts.It is recommended that the parent sets a time period where the child can and cannot send or receive text messages. There is also an app that can stop sexts, and cyber bullying texts from send to a cell phone. Add your child on Facebook, follow them on Twitter. They may not like it at first but if you can prevent them from being bullied or from facing charges from cyber bullying, they will thank you in the long run. â€Å"Keep kids safe from cyberbullies – CNN. †Ã‚  Featured Articles from CNN. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6  Feb. 2013. â€Å"Keep kids safe from cyberbullies – Page 2 – CN N. †Ã‚  Featured Articles from CNN. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6  Feb. 2013.

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

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Ethics and Law in Business and Society (4 questions) - Essay Example A common example (argument) that arises when discussing market failure is the issue of the minimum wage law (Verleun et al. 15). The law sets wages higher than the going market-clearing wage in an effort to elevate market wages. Analysts argue that this greater wage cost will make employers recruit fewer minimum-wage workers compared to before the law was enacted (Verleun et al. 15). Therefore, more minimum wage employees are left jobless, establishing a social cost and leading to market failure. The advantage of government regulation on the minimum wage is that is enable people to be paid fairly for the work they have done (Verleun et al. 16). However, the disadvantage of this is that a firm cannot control how much they pay their workers. A sewer system could be regarded as a public good. It also falls under the theory of market failure because, in some regions, they system does not function appropriately as it is needed, and; therefore, it affect the people who depend on it. Questi on 2 One main policy foundation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was personal liability (Verleun et al. 23). ... 23). The act importantly reinforced the rule that shareholders own the United States corporations and that business managers ought to be working for shareholders to distribute business resources to their best use (Verleun et al. 23). After the law was enacted, financial experts cited enhanced investor confidence, more accuracy and more reliable financial statements as some of the benefits that the U.S. was enjoying. The CFO and CEO are now needed clearly to take charge for their financial statements below Section 302, which was not so before the SOX (Verleun et al. 23). Critics noted that this law is financially feasible because it has improved the confidence of investors (Verleun et al. 24). Many investors are now willing to venture into the United States because of the easiness of investing in the country. Also, the government does not have to worry about financially backing the investors because shareholders can enjoy full ownership of the corporations. This policy is fully conser vative as it puts everybody on the same platform when it comes to investment (Verleun et al. 23). Even though, critics argue that it reduces the number of workers in the U.S., everybody still has a chance of reaching the highest level with this law. Question 3 According to Hobbes, peoples’ lives in the state of nature were "lonely, poor, spiteful, violent and short", a state through which egotism and the nonexistence of rights and contracts prohibited the 'social', or society. Locke, on the other hand, considered that people in a state of nature are morally bound by The Law of Nature, simply not to harm themselves, but devoid of any government administration to safeguard them against those

Vodun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vodun - Essay Example The slaves from Africa practiced their inherent religion when they were brought to other places (Belgum, 1991; Robinson, 1998). Vodun went though a history of persecution. In the reign of Christianity and Muslim in the colonial era, the people that practiced this religion were killed and the establishments and places of worship were annihilated. Conversion to Christianity is widespread in the regions where African slave are deployed. Another contradiction was experienced during the Marxism era. There were deemed to have occurred due to the threat that it incurred on the stability of other religions. Another reason that is perceived is the unconventional practices of the group that can be unacceptable to people outside the religion. Even in Benin where the religion was practiced, also experienced period of decline but was regained in 1989 during the democratic leadership and had become the official religion in 1996. There are also groups in the North America that practices this religion. In the South America similar religions that can be related to Vodun are Umbanda, Quimbanda and Camdomble. In fact, the pres ent population of people that practice Vodun reaches to 60 million allover the world (Belgum, 1991; Robinson, 1998). In the study on the African religion, specifically the Vodun and other related religion, certain impartialities are often experienced. This is on the basis of the accounts that can be observed on the early studies that are conducted. Thus, the determination of the facts and the deciphering of the through behind these religions that are often treated with hostility is a challenge. The problems are oftentimes related to the generalization of the practices of the religions which can be considered rare and unique, thus, is not patterned to other religious practices. This is the main reason for such contempt over the religion that are usually described negatively when seen from the outside due to the fact that powers of the Supreme Being is depicted through the terror it can bring to the mortal (Clarke, and Sutherland, 1991). Although the religion receives criticisms on the basis of the unconventionality of the beliefs and the practices of faith, this very characteristic is the subject of admiration of the groups that are open to eccentricity of different religions. This is due to the meekness of the practices and the expression of great care, sympathy and compassion the natural spirit of the world (Clarke, and Sutherland, 1991). Through the analysis of the African religion through the opposing points of view of the groups that affirm or contradict the Vodun and other related religion, it can be deemed that focusing solely on the eccentricity and unconventionality of the religion works for both ways in relation to the acceptance and propagation of the religion. It can either permit or hinder the growth of the religion. In relation to the views on the Vodun religion in Africa, the insight of the Protestant missionaries is an important affective factor on the development of the religion. The missionaries deemed that Vodun hinders the development of the Africans. This view is due to the fact that they consider this religion as a primitive belief that causes the stagnation of the outlook of the people and affects the economy on the basis it is the main religion on the nation (Clarke, and Suth

An Assessment of Effectiveness of Dell's Organization Culture and Essay

An Assessment of Effectiveness of Dell's Organization Culture and Change - Essay Example Nevertheless, the concept of effectiveness should apply to all stakeholders in an organisation. This ensures harmony in all its operations, which has the end result of high performance. The current study examines the effectiveness exhibited by the dell management, in relation to how it has been able to effectively build an organisation culture, which pushed it up to its success. Background of the study In the past few decades, many organisations have changed their ways of doing business. This has been as a result of high competition. In particular, organisation culture and change has been one of the ways through which organizations have sought to focus on to maintain completive advantage (Harold 2009). In this regard, it is apparent that organisations have to analyse the best management practices through strategic plans that are aligned with organisation’s objectives, mission and vision statements (Hill & Jones 2008). These practices become a culture that an organisation shoul d endorse and cling on in order to achieve its objectives (Dyck and Neubert 2010). However, due to increased and the emergence of new technologies, any organisation that needs to survive in highly competitive market has to embrace such technologies (Marr 2010). This means that organisations should also create a culture of adopting innovations that are in line with their objectives (Daft and Lane 2010). Analysis of output control: a concept of organization culture In order to have a spectrum of what organisation culture and change entails, it is crucial to first understand what organisation culture is. This is an internal environment that establishes a personality for the organisation, which plays a part in influencing the behavior of its members (Flamholtz and Randle 2011). These could be summed up to mean core values and fundamental beliefs or an organisation. Studies have documented that an organisation with a strong culture, members act with shared understandings and commitment t o core values. Key elements of organisational culture involve innovation and risk taking, concern for people, team building and emphasis, and performance orientation (Phaditare 2011). With such deliberations, the focus of this paper will be on the case study on Dell Computers, which according to Bhattacharyya 2010, is argued to have been â€Å"able to achieve excellence by giving due emphasis on creating a positive work culture through pro-active human resource management practices† (18). In this regard, this paper aims at articulating on ways through which Dell’s organisational culture has enabled it achieve excellence. In order to have an efficient organization culture, an organization has to have efficient managers and the overall organizational structure. Dell’s organization structure is believed to forecast suitable performance in relation to its goals. For example, Dell’s reward system is linked to its goals, which help to motivate employees in orde r to improve performance. Nevertheless, Dell has created a culture of directions on each division on how to achieve its goals. Dell’s CEO Michael Dell, is argued to have tried to decentralize the authority to low-level employees. This has been an effective strategy that has facilitated company-customer relationship thus creating a customer service culture. Study objectives 1. To find out Dell’s elements of organ

Environment analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environment analysis - Essay Example There are certain external factors that have exerted immense pressure on the company and internal factors that have propelled it to its current position. This paper will discuss both the internal and external factors that affect the HTC Company. The internal environment of an organization comprises of resources, capabilities, and the core competencies. Some of the company’s resources include valuable partnerships, especially with companies such as Microsoft. Moreover, HTC Company has exemplary, innovative design skills exhibited by the employees. This means that the HTC Company prides itself with employees who are committed to innovation. They are always willing to try out creative ideas and participate in collaborations forming teams that have served to bring new products on board. In addition, the employees have an exemplary talent and skill in hardware design and manufacturing. These aspects define some of the resources that HTC Company has. The highly innovative employees define a rare resource for HTC Company giving it a competitive advantage over other companies (Segan 57). The HTC Company has some outstanding capabilities such as research and development, manufacturing, and marketing. These capabilities have contributed to the company’s success in the past and are also likely to propel HTC to further success in the future. In addition, HTC has a strong value chain analysis with primary activities that have propelled it to success. For example, the company’s product design, manufacturing, and value chain in marketing research are some of the leading primary activities. Core competencies define HTC’s basis for competitive advantage. One of the leading core competencies is research and development (Flannery 37). The company excels in this aspect and invests 5% of its revenue to foster research in an effort to create new products. HTC;s product design also qualifies to be an additional core competency. This

The Future of Customer Experience Essay Example for Free

The Future of Customer Experience Essay Frowareness, discovery, attraction, interaction, purchase, use, cultivation and advocacy. It can also be used to mean an individual experience over one transaction; the distinction is usually clear in context. Analysts and commentators who write about customer experience (CX) and  customer relationship management  have increasingly recognized the importance of managing the customers experience. Customers receive some kind of experience, ranging from positive to negative, during the course of buying  goods  and  services. BlackBerry takes a look into the future of customer experience. This video depicts what the future of retailing could look like in the near future. A young woman uses mobile technology to identify, search and buy an outfit for a wedding and to interact with retailers in the online and physical worlds. This video also details how retailers can use mobile technology in the future to collaborate, and respond faster to trends and customer demand. This video shows how businesses could use integrated social networking to better serve customers and to improve employee collaboration and engagement. A fictional utilities company uses social networking to track, respond and improve their customer experience and service levels whilst increasing staff productivity. In this video, existing technologies have been  re-imagined  with smarter devices and better experiences. It showcases device integration, sharing and social networking, e-commerce, retail management systems, GPS tracking, mobile payment systems and augmented reality. BlackBerry takes a look at the impact mobile technology could have in the future of customer service. Analysis of the case The Future of Customer Experience? Its Getting Personal No matter what business, a growing percentage of customers are nearly always connected, with instant access to more advanced tools and detailed information than many enterprises had just a few years ago. These smart, digitally empowered consumers and businesses have the power to behave in a far smarter and better-informed manner than ever before. This power has also radically changed customer expectations, driving demand for better, more innovative, and personalized products, services, and experiences. This should come as no surprise to any executive. Given a choice, each of us (as well as our customers) prefers experiences tailored to our unique wants and needs. Firms that are best able to do so have significant competitive advantage over those that cannot. Though the promise–and power–of personalization has been at the forefront of marketing theory for some time, its widespread application to customer experience is only just beginning. Today, disruptive digital innovation is changing the ways companies serve their customers, as well as the ways these customers expect to be treated. Personalization is the Foundation Of Innovative Customer Experience. In the age of smart customers, personalization is the future of experience. Mass production and consumption of news, entertainment, products, and services have already lost the battle, giving way to personalization and customization. Apps such as  Zite  and  Flipboard  allow each of us to totally personalize the ways we consume news. Amazon has personalized the ways we shop, and Netflix and Hulu how we watch movies, TV, and other media programming. Pandora serves up increasingly personalized musical streams based on a listener’s taste (â€Å"thumbs up; thumbs down†), continuously learning about users’ musical preferences based on real-time customer feedback. There are hundreds of examples, with more coming every day. The point is these increasing levels of digitally driven personalization allow customers to choose what they consume, from whom, and how they interact with and consume it. These digital experiences are training smart customers to expect everything, from every company–product, services, experiences, and more–to be customized in a similar manner. When it comes to innovative customer experience, this all leads to one word: personalization. ‘One Size Fits All’ Simply Doesn’t Fly Anymore. And It Doesn’t Have To. No company can afford to or needs to deliver a fully customized â€Å"ideal experience† to each individual customer across the range of digital, human, and static touchpoints and interactions. The fact is, some customers are simply worth more than others, and it takes a great deal of intelligence for companies to figure out what the â€Å"right† experiences are for any given group of customers, much less how to personalize them. The good news is, â€Å"smart touchpoints† and the data they can produce, combined with the ability to analyze the digital breadcrumbs and data that surrounds almost every customer, means that any firm of any size has the tools for intelligent personalization at hand. Starting with what can be the biggest step, a firm needs to be willing to adjust its offerings to the needs of individual customers based on an understanding of what those individual customers (or the smallest possible groups they represent) want, and how that’s different from others. The more effectively a company uses customer information to understand and acknowledge both the differences and similarities, the easier it will be to provide benefits uniquely suited to those customers. In ways never before possible, you can approach them with truly personalized, highly customized offers, through relevant channels, in ways that drive stronger, more profitable relationships, better serving your customers by giving them exactly what they want, when they want it. Result: Customer experiences that are not only highly differentiated, but that cannot be easily duplicated by others. It is infact the hardest thing for competitors to copy. For many companies, it isn’t obvious to executives how or why they should provide meaningful personalization. Their customers have been satisfied with the existing product lineup. Their products may be commodities, or perhaps their firms are in a regulated utility. While the desire to create a â€Å"differentiated customer experience† is high on the list of objectives when it comes to customer experience strategy, they do not yet grasp that the most effective customer experiences are those tailored in a significant manner to meet the needs of that particular customer. They simply dont realize how fast customer expectations are changing, and what this means to the design of forward-looking customer experience strategies today. Companies that do realize this–and take action as a result–will create truly differentiated, category-leading experiences that make interacting with them so relevant, so much more convenient, and so perfectly suited to customers’ wants and needs that they won’t even  consider switching to a competitor. Points to consider while designing a customer experience The world has changed and the balance of power has shifted to the customers. The speed with which consumers have shifted to all things  digital/social/mobile  has taken many companies by surprise. â€Å"It’s like skating to a ping-pong ball 1. PERSONALIZATION AND CONTEXT With consumers adopting evermore numerous channels and devices to access information and interact with brands, businesses are scrambling to figure out how to deliver a more unified customer experience. In the wake of this, two new mantras are on the lips of every marketer: personalization and context. As a larger number of users become more familiar with social/mobile technologies, they’ll likely use them in more complex ways: sophistication breeds heightened expectation. Consumers will favor brands that provide context and relevance to their daily lives. Businesses can accomplish this by  producing quality content  that is not only relevant to their brand’s target audience, but promoted (and optimized) over multiple channels such as web, mobile and social, and accessible to them on demand. For many, this presents a daunting challenge that will likely put a strain on existing resources. If this is the case for a brand, they may want to consider outsourcing to an  inbound marketing services agency  that specializes on all aspects of digital marketing. Key Inferences * An explosion of customer touchpoints is at hand. Digital customer experience today is defined primarily by websites, with mobile applications on smartphones not far behind, and the future will include as many as 10 additional customer touchpoints. Deciding which channels to incorporate into your strategy is crucial to defining your organization’s future in digital customer experience. A unified experience requires the right people, process, and technology foundations. Customers love their devices but also want consistency across the devices and apps they use. Unified experiences that cross touchpoints demand improved yet common designs, common content assets and application code, and delivery processes tuned for speed and harmonized skills and roles. * Investments in unified experience founda tions will pay off now. Investments in foundations for unified customer experiences will pay dividends in the short term.

The World Tourism Organization

The World Tourism Organization World Tourism Organization defined tourism as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes. Tourism Industry is well developed from an insignificant activity to the current worlds largest industry since World War Two. In developed countries, people travelling domestically as well as travelling to less developed countries had increased. Since tourism industry had increased tremendously, as a result, tourism industry had become one of the industries which strongly influence an economy of a country. Therefore, individual countries had to develop more attractions to sustain tourism. Hence, key concepts of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, values and ethics of sustainable tourism and the needs of sustainability shall be discussed in this essay. Sustainable Development is an industry that aims to meet the needs of the people while protecting the environment, meeting the needs not only for the present, but also the ability to meet future generations needs. As mentioned, tourism industry has been increasing over the years as more people are interested to spend their time in nature. As a result, ecotourism has become the one of the fastest growing sector in the tourism industry. Greater numbers of tourist make it more likely that natural attractions and wilderness habitats will be at risk. Therefore, officials in charge for these areas will have to shoulder a huge responsibility for handling challenges and to decide how tourism development can be sustained over long term. Proper Planning is very important for sustainable development as planners must know the importance that consumers resources will creates waste and require certain kinds of infrastructure. It creates an issue over consumption of resources. Private investments take this opportunity to maximize its profits. This multi-faceted nature makes control tough. The challenge of sustainable development faced is to balance these facts and it can only be done only through integrated, cooperative approaches involving all directors and related activities in the area. Ecotourism create opportunities for villages, remote areas and natural resources as long as government aims to increase the numbers of tourist in these attractions and locals do participate in the process. Values There are values in Tourism which may allow to sustaining tourism and locals to lead a better future. Therefore, locals and tourist playing a part to sustain tourism are crucial. Economic sustainability Economic sustainability is focusing on improving the living standard of the locals and activities is properly maintained in the long term, creating opportunities in tourism, leisure and regeneration. Ecotourism is usually calculated as the economic value added in relation to its aggregated ecological impact. This idea has been popularized by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) under the following definition: Eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively-priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earths carrying capacity. (Desimone and Popoff, 1997: 47) Ecotourism and social sustainability are working closely together to achieve an increase economic sustainability. In the process, both natural and social capitals were used to aim to benefit from a win-win situation. Social Sustainability Social sustainability has a focus on understanding human rights and provides equal opportunities in the society, recognizing and respecting individual cultures and avoids exploitation. Social sustainability shows the relation between a companys value added and its social impact. These can be either positive or negative. Corporate giving and creation of employment are examples of positive relations and accidents in workplace, mobbing of employees, abusing human rights are negative examples. The types of impact on socio-efficiency either try to minimize negative social impacts or maximize positive social impacts. Environment Sustainability Environmental sustainability is the process on conserving and managing resources, especially resources that are non renewable, making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as naturally as possible based on ideal-seeking behavior. Unsustainable situation occurs when natural resources are used up faster than it replenished. Sustainability requires humans activities only uses natural resources necessary, at a rate that natural resources can be replenished naturally. Sustainable Tourism Sustainable Tourism is an industry which committed to obtain a low impact on the local culture and environment, while helping to boost the economy and decrease the unemployment rate for the locals. Sustainable Tourism is a continual process of improvement, ensuring a positive experience for Travel Agencies, tourists and even locals themselves and also applies in cities, resorts, rural and protected areas. Sustainable Tourism aims to conserve the environment while boosting economy, obtaining environmental benefits and socio-cultural. Sustainable Tourism not only allows tourist to have a better knowledge about the country they are visiting but also helps locals to learn about tourists culture. Sustainable Tourism expects the participations from the locals, which also provide locals an opportunity to improve their living standard. Above all, Sustainable Tourism stresses pointedly upon integrity of the tourist places. Tourism sector must be planned and managed suitably with the current and increasing numbers of tourist. Sustainable development of tourism is only possible when its follows its guidelines and principles. Principles of Sustainable Tourism Minimizing Environmental Impacts Tourism should know the importance of both local and global environmental issues. Tourism should preserve the visual quality of landscapes and prevent having an impact on the environment by minimizing water, land, pollution of air and generation of waste. Tourism should also seek attention to matters like greenhouse gas emissions and usage of non-renewable resources. Achieving Conservation Outcomes Tourism should preserve natural resources like natural areas, habitats, wildlife and even using the profits from these resources to enhance the qualities to attract more tourists visiting the country. Such achievements not just attracting more tourists, but it also an instrument in telling a story and invoke an emotional response from tourists. Tourism and Conservation can be achieved from a mutually beneficial alliance. Being One of a Kind One of the keys factor to be a successful and sustainable tourism is to achieve a difference from other competing destinations. It can be obtained by developing and marketing on the strengths and attributes of the Country. Attractions that relevant to the culture, history, lifestyle and natural resources of the Country are most likely to be successful. As it can tell a story about the features of the attraction, as a result, providing a more rewarding experience to tourists while conserving natural resources of the destinations. Community Values Tourism is able to reflect community values which means, representing the present, past and future aspirations of the Country community in a living and dynamic way which preserve the past. In order to obtain a richer tourism experience, adding values to current strengths is crucial, which include sales outlets or dining accommodation, in association with established industries. Understanding and targeting the market Understanding the needs, the broad market trends and expectations of specific segments is crucial which involves the development of specialized products based on the inherent attributes of an area. Ethics Platform towards Tourism Ethics which also know as moral philosophy is a philosophy which questions about morality, concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong and justice. Ethical are often to be subjective. World Tourism Organization has published a global code for tourism but we are unable to view ethics on the basis of individual as we all have to understand, every individual have their own perspective. Pro and Cons Certainly, we are unable to correct people whom does not practice codes of ethics as they have their own believe, and people hates a third party to correct their believe. There are certain guidelines to allow people to practice good codes of ethics and people who practices good codes of ethics are definitely a role model to follow. Below are some examples of good code ethics and bad code of ethics. Good codes Gain commitment of leader in organization and front line workers. Offer clear statement of objectives, expectations, obligation and rules, a continuous flow of information and a resolution system which is transparent. Outline meaningful benefits for participation. State negative repercussions if principles are not complied with. Bad codes Not backed by action, lead to deceptive or misleading advertising, bring bad publicity, leading to a loss of consumer trust, discourage competition and encourage collusion, create an uneven playing field and attracts negative attention. These are cases that people exploiting tourist just because they are unfamiliar with the area, taking advantage of the situation and aim to have an easy income; charging more than the market rate. Implications Tourism is one of huge industries that influence the global economy. Above, this essay had shown the importance to achieve sustainability in tourism with good codes of ethics. But in a global context, can it be accomplish? Is achieving sustainability in tourism for the benefits for everyone? Government in individual country definitely will not allow other governments to take advantage of their own land and every government wants the best out of it. Therefore, if every government tends to have such mindset, it will only bring harm to their people and the economy. The Horns of the Dilemma the Dilemma that one cannot solve both crises at once (Sachss 1999) In Burma, Burmese are forced to make way for huge new tourism development from their home. In India, locals have to walk miles to get water just because of hotels build nearby siphon it off from the groundwater for their own excessive uses. Achieving sustainability may be unethical because it benefits some while the costs are born by others, usually the lower income groups or poorer nations (Stabler 1997) Adaptive paradigm Sustainable tourism must be regarded as an adaptive paradigm that accommodates both weak and strong interpretations of the sustainable development idea. (Hunter 1997) Weak sustainable tourism strategies which also know as anthropocentric approach, apply to environments like town areas where protection of natural habitat become irrelevant. Hotels, Resorts and Theme parks are modes of tourism which stresses on the word development in Sustainable development and it can be influenced by the Advocacy Platform. Strong sustainable tourism strategies which also known as biocentric approach, is when even a small movement in tourism-related activity could cause an unacceptable environmental costs. According to Adaptancy platform, any form of action that consequences are unknown, should be avoided. This approach stresses on the word sustainable in Sustainable development and it can be influence by both, Advocacy Platform and Adaptancy Platform. Conclusion Tourism industry has now become one of an influential industry to the global economy and it is also the creator of jobs across the globe. To sustain tourism, sustainable developments and sustainable tourism are crucial and have to be well planned and managed, as these two elements play a big role to sustain tourism. Everybody do also have a part to play to sustain tourism, they must all share a same vision to preserve the natural resources to meets the current and future generation needs. Government should host more programs to allow locals to understand the importance of protecting the resources that they have and not taking them for granted. Inconsiderate behavior should be minimize and practice good ethic behaviors. Developers should consider for the locals, respecting their human rights when they are planning an investments and not purely ignore them. Locals should invite tourist with a smile in their country, giving them a good experience upon leaving the country, and not having the idea of making easy income. As this will only leaves a bad impression in tourist when leaving, making them thinking twice visiting into the country again. With all people playing a part to this tourism industry, locals will only improve their living standards and people having a wider knowledge for individual culture and enjoying themselves without any worries even they are at an unfamiliar environment and last but not least, boosting the global economy.